ずして Meaning： without ~ing; before (~ing); with no ~; if ~do not; when ~ do not Examples: インカ帝国を知らずして南米大陸を語ることはできない。 You cannot talk about the South America continent without some knowledge of the Inca Empire. 我々のチームは最終日の最終戦を待たずして優勝が決定した。 Our team won the championship before (lit., without waiting for) the final game on the final day. 自分の義務を果たさずして人の責任を問うべきではない。 You should not call others to account when you have not performed your own duties. I put all the examples along with

ようでは Meaning： if; if it is true that; if it is the case that Examples: 知らない単語が出てくるたびに辞書を引いているようではいつまでたっても早く読めない。 If (it is true that) you look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary every time you encounter a new one, you will never learn to read fast. アパートがそんなに高いようでは私たちは東京には住めない。 If (it is true that) apartments in Tokyo are that expensive, we cannot live there. 成績が今までのようでは困ります。 If you continue to show the level of performance you have to date, we will have a problem. (lit., I

よし「由」 Meaning： (I heard / It is said / etc.) that Examples: この度は本社営業部長にご栄転の由,誠におめでとう存じます。 I heard of your promotion this time to manager of the headquarters' sales department. Please accept my sincere congratulations. 地球環境保護の国際会議が来年当市で開催されるよし（である）。 It is said that an international conference on global environmental protection will be held in this city next year. 野沢先生は来年一年ドイツにいらっしゃる由,伺っております。 I've been informed that next year Professor Nozawa is going to Germany for a year. I

ようものなら Meaning： If ~ happen to; if ~ at all; if ~ choose to Examples: 山野氏は非常に時間厳しい人で、面会時間に5分も遅れようものなら以後二度とあってはもらえない。 Mr. Yamano is very strict about time; if you happen to be even five minutes late for an appointment with him. he won't meet with you again. 私はたばこの煙に特に敏感で、近くで吸われようものならもう何ごとに集中できなくなってしまう。 I'm particularly sensitive to cigarette smoke, so when someone is smoking nearby, I cannot concentrate on anything. ニューヨークでは信号が青に変わって一秒でも発進が遅れようものなら、すかさず後ろからクラクションを鳴らされる。 In New

ようにも（～ない） Meaning： Even though ~ try/want to ~; even though ~ be thinking of doing ~; although ~ try/want to ~; although ~ be thinking pf doing ~ Examples； 徹に連絡しようにも電話番号もメールアドレスもしらない。 Even though I want to contact Toru, I don't know either her phone number or her e-mail address. 酷く頭が痛くて起きようにも起きられない。 I have a terrible headache, and I cannot get up even though I want to. 記事を書こうにも書く材料がない。 Even though I'm thinking of writing an article, I have nothing to write about. I put all th

単位で／たんいで Meaning： by the; in sets/groups/lots/etc.of; in multiplies of; each; every Examples； このATMは千円単位でお金を引き出すことができる。 You can withdraw money from this ATM in multiples of 1,000 yen. この社内調査では課単位でリサイクル実施率を調べる。 This in-house investigation will examine the recycling rate for each section. 日本では湯飲みは5個単位で売られることが多い。 In Japan, tea cups are often solid in sets of five. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloadi

見るからに／みるからに Meaning： visibly;obviously;really look;can be easily recognized as; can tell just by looking at. Examples： 太陽の光をたっぷり浴びたみかんは、みるからに美味しそうだ。 The sun-bathed mandarin oranges look really delicious. 彼女が身につけているものは見るからに高級品だ What she wears is obviously of high quality. このパンは見るからに手作りという感じですね。 This bread is obviously homemade. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape)

思えば／おもえば Meaning： come to think of it; when I think back; on reflection Examples: 思えば、大学時代はとても楽しかった。 When I come to think of it, I had a great time when I was in college. 思えば、あの頃私は彼と政治問題について毎日のように議論したものだ。 When I think back, I discussed political issues with him almost everyday. 今思えばどうしてこんなCDを買ったのだろう。 Now that I think about it, why did I buy such a (terrible) CD? I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest download

にしてからが Meaning： even Examples: ワールドカップの時はサッカーフアンでもない私にしてからが興奮状態でした。 I am not a soccer fan, but during the world cup, even I got excited. 警察にしてからが、いざ事件が起きないと市民を暴力から守ってくれない。 Even the police don't protect citizens from violence unless a incident actually occurs. 当代随一の知性人である彼にしてからが、恋愛にたぶらかされている。 Even he, the greatest intellectual of the day, was deceived by love . I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloadin

んばかり（に） Meaning： as if ~ were about to ~; almost Examples: 犬は嚙みつかんばかりに僕に向かってほえた。 The dog barked at me as if it were about to bite. どの演奏も若さと情熱があふれんばかりに満ちていた Every performance was filled with an overwhelming amount of youth and passion. (as if youth and passion were about to overflow. 時折、木の枝も折れんばかりにの強風が吹いていた。 Occasionally the wind was blowing so hard it seemed the tree branches would break. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you

の～のと Meaning： saying ~ and so on; saying ~or~ Examples: やったのやらなかったのといつまで言っていても仕方がない。 It is no use talking endlessly about what you did or didn't do. いつまでも好きだの嫌いだのと言っていないで、早く結婚相手を決めなさい。 You should decide who you want to marry soon without saying all the time that you like (this one) or that you don't like (that one) 彼女はアパートの部屋が狭いの場所が不便だのと文句ばかり言っている。 She is always complaining about how small her apartment is, how inconvenient the location is, or whatever. I put all the examples

のなんのって Meaning： so (that); so much/well (that) so ~ and Examples: 甘いのなんのって私は一口食べて全部残してしまいました。 It was so sweet that I ate one bite and left the rest. 飲んだのなんのって彼らは5本の酒を全部空けてしまった。 They drank so much; they completely emptied five bottles of sake. かゆいのなんのって一晩中寝れなかった。 It was so itchy that I couldn't sleep all night. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this you can

んとする Meaning： try to do; be about to Examples: 教授のいわんとすることが学生に伝わらないのは、たいてい教授の方が悪いのだ。 It is usually a professor who is to blame when his students don't comprehend what he tries to convey. 太陽はまさに山の稜線に沈まんとしていた。 The sun was about to sink behind the mountain ridge. あの政治家は言わんとしているところがよく分からない。 I don't comprehend what that politician is trying to say. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version

何～ない／なに～ない Meaning： doesn't exist at all; without Examples: 彼女は何不自由ない裕福な家庭で育った。 She grew up in a comfortable and rich family without inconveniences. マイケルは何問題なく日本での留学生活を続けている。 Michael is continuing his study abroad in Japan without any problems. あの人は欠点が何一つない。 she does not have any weaknesses. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this you can even study on your

に決まってる／にきまってる Meaning：Surely; be bound to; be a given; of course; must be; we all know that Examples: 性格はいい方が良いに決まっている。 It is a given that a good personality is preferable. お客様だって安く買いたいに決まっているじゃないか。 Of course customers want to buy things cheaply. ただただ漢字を書くなんて、つまらないに決まっている。 To keep writing nothing but Chinese characters is bound to be boring. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version f

を禁じ得ない／をきんじえない Meaning：cannot hold; cannot hold back; cannot keep back; cannot help-ing; cannot keep - from - ing Examples: このような無責任な行いに対して怒りを禁じえない。 I cannot hold back my anger at such an irresponsible deed. その感動的な光景を見て、涙がこみ上げてくるのを禁じ得なかった。 Seeing the moving scene, I could not keep my tears from welling up. 24年の苦悩と空白の後、ついに実現した家族との再会に、周囲の者も涙を禁じえなかった。 (Seeing) the family reunited, an occasion that finally became reality after twenty-four years of agony and separation, people aro

いくら Meaning：How much; how Examples: 東京の３DKのマンションはいくらぐらいですか Approximately how much is a 3DK (3 rooms with a dinning room/kitchen)apartment in Tokyo?) いくら働いてもお金が貯まらない。 No matter how much I work I can't save money. 夏休みだから時間はいくらでもある。 It's summer vacation, so I have tons of time. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this you can even study on your phone! Feel free

なるほど Meaning： Indeed; it is true (but); really; I see Examples: パリはきれいだと聞いていたが、なるほどその芸術性には舌を巻いた。 I had heard that Paris was a beautiful city, and (but) indeed I was astounded by its artistry. なるほど、日本の官僚はいろいろと批判されているが戦後の日本の復興は彼らに負うところが多い。 It is true that Japanese bureaucrats are criticized in various ways, but we owe them for much of Japan's post-war recovery. 文化って、宗教のように倫理的な決まりが多いですね。なるほどね。 Culture, like religion, has a lot of ethical rules. (I see) I put all the examples alo

思うに／おもうに Meaning： in my view; it seems to me that ~; when I think (about ~); considering Examples: 私が思うに、文化は宗教の一種だ。 In my view, culture is a kind of religion. 医学界の体質を思うに、当然医者と製薬会社の癒着はあると思う。 Considering the nature of the medical world. I believe there is collusion between doctors and pharmaceutical companies. この一年思うに、つらいことが多かった。 When I think about this past year, it was full of trying things. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case y

を問わず／をとわず Meaning： regardless of; irrespective of; without reference to; whether X or Y; whether X or not; whatever/whoever/etc.; no matter what/who/how/etc. Examples: この会社は、経験があれば学歴を問わず採用してくれる。 This company will employ you regardless of your educational background if you have (relevant work) experience. 卒業後就職するか進学するかを問わず、担任との個人面談を受けなければならない。 You have to have an individual consultation with your homeroom teacher whether you work or go on to college after graduation. 本ソフトウェアの複