といえども Meaning： even; any; although; though; even though; Examples； 医者といえども時に病気になることもある。 Even doctors sometimes become ill. (lit., Even though we call them doctors, there are times when they become ill.) いかなる名人といえども時には失敗することもある。 Any master sometimes makes a mistake. (lit., No matter what kind of master he/she may be called, he/she sometimes makes a mistake. 東京に住んでいるといえども知らない都内の名所は沢山ある。 Even though I live in Tokyo (lit., Even though I say I live in Tokyo), there are many sights

ともすると Meaning： tend to; apt to; be likely to; easily; be bound to Examples； 切れ味の良い議論はともすると言葉の暴力となる。 A sharp debate is apt to lead to a violent argument. 親は自分の子供にはともすると点数が甘くなりがちだ。 Parents tend to be more permissive (lit., lenient in grading) when it comes to their own children. 大きな組織はともするとセクションリズムの陥る危険性がある。 Large organizations are likely to be in danger of falling into sectionalism. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget.

やら Meaning： I wonder (if) Examples： このビルが完成するのはいつになるのやら。 I wonder when this building will be finished. これから先生,うちの会社は一体どうなることやら。 I wonder what will happen to our company from now on. (I'm quite worried) こんな映画のどこがいいのやらさっぱり分からない。 I just don't understand what is good about this movie. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this you can even study on your phone! Fee

か否か／かいなか Meaning： whether X or not Examples； このソフトが役に立つか否かは保証の限りではありません。 I cannot say (lit., guarantee) whether this software is useful or not. 選挙の時に、有権者は候補者が倫理観のある政治家（である）か否かを見抜かなければならない。 In an election, the voter has to judge (lit., see through) whether or not a candidate is a politician of integrity. 子供に携帯電話を持たせるべきか否かは議論が分かれる。 Opinions differ as to whether we should allow a child to have a cellphone. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study ju

さぞ（かし） Meaning： I believe/I'm sure/I'm certain ~ very/really/truly ~; must be very/really/truly ~ Examples； 青森へ単身赴任さぞ（かし）大変でしょう。 Moving to Aomori ( for a new assignment) without your family must be very tough. シカゴの冬はさぞ（かし）寒いに違いない。 I'm sure winter in Chicago will be very cold. 誕生日を忘れてしまったんだから、ありすはさぞ怒っているだろう。 I forgot her birthday, so I'm sure Alice is really mad. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest download

にして Meaning： in; at; over; while Examples； 過度の恐怖や心労は一夜にして白髪を作 Excessive fear and worry will make your hair turn gray overnight. 彼女は45歳にして初めて子供ができた。 She had her first child at 45. 外国に居ながらにして日本からの生のテレビ放送が見られるようになった。 We can now watch live TV broadcasts from Japan while in a foreign country. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this you can even study on your pho

それだけ Meaning： that much; to the same extent; to the same degree; equally Examples； この仕事は苦労も多いが、それだけやりがいもある。 This job is hard work, but to the same extent I also find it rewarding. 彼らは同じ宗教内の派閥だから、それだけ憎しみも大きいのかもしれない。 It might be that they hate each other that much more because they are in different sects of the same religion. 期待が大きいとそれだけ失望も大きくなってしまう。 If your expectations are high, your disappointment will be equally high. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flash

たるや Meaning： when it comes to ~; speaking of Examples； この湖にはここにしかいないという生物がおり、その数たるや50種類を超える。 There are creatures in this lake that exist only here; in fact, there are more than 50 species. ノーベル文学賞はどうやって選考するのだろう。1年に世界で発表される文学作品の数たるや膨大なものだと思うのだが。 How do they ever choose (who wins) the Nobel prize in Literature? ( I think) The number of works of literature published around the world in a year must be enormous. 1987年春,彼はついにデビューを果たした。しかし、その初戦の結果たるや散々なものだった。 In the spring of 1987,

ずとも Meaning： without ~ing; even if ~ not; if ~ not Examples； 今年の夏は涼しいので、エアコンを使わずとも過ごせそうだ。 It is cool this summer, so it looks like we can get by without using the air-conditioner. シカゴに親しい友人が何人かいるのでホテルに、泊まらずともよい。 Because I have several close friends in Chicago, I don't have to stay at a hotel. こんなに安くヨーロッパへ行けるのなら、旅行好きならずとも行ってみたいと思うだろう。 If you can go to Europe this cheaply, even if you don't especially like to travel, you'll probably want to go. I put all the examples along with

たかが Meaning： Only; just; mere Examples； たかが子供の言ったことだ。そんなに深刻に考えることはない。 It's just something a child told you. You don't have to take it so seriously. たかが漫画（くらい）と馬鹿にしてはいかない。 You shouldn't make light of it saying it's just a cartoon. たかが車の故障（くらい）でそんなに大騒ぎする必要はない。 You don't need to make a big fuss over a little car trouble. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest downloading the app version for brainscape) With this

とあっては Meaning： If it is true that; if it is the case that; if; because; since Examples； 社長の頼みとあっては断るわけにはいかない。 If (it's true that) it's a favor for the president, I can't say no. 全商品が3割引きで買えるとあっては、遠方からわざわざ人が買いに来るのもうなずける。 If (it's true that) you can buy everything at 30% off, I understand why people come from far away to shop. (here) この大学が他の大学に統合されるのは残念だが、国の方針とあっては致し方無い。 It is a pity that this university is going to be integrated into another university, but if that's the natio

とても～ない Meaning： cannot possibly; totally impossible; there is no possibility; there is no way; not ~ at all; not ~ by any means; by no means Examples； この仕事はとても私にはできない。 I cannot possibly do this job. 吉岡さんはとても私の勝てる相手ではない。 Mr.Yoshioka is someone I couldn't possibly beat. (lit., Mr Yoshioka is not someone I could possibly beat) この病気とても治る見込みはない。 There is no possibility that he will recover from this illness. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study ju

ずにはおかない Meaning： be bound to; definitely; unmistakably; unquestionably; undoubtedly; without fail; without doubt Examples； 技術の発達は社会環境の変化をもたらさずにはおかない。 Technological advancements are bound to bring about changes to social environments. コンピューターの普及とインターネット利用の拡大は大きな教育の変革を促さずにはおかない。 The spread of computers and the expansion of internet use are bound to promote big changes in education. この映画は観る者に感動を与えずにはおかない。 This movie is bound to move viewers. (lit., This movie does not leave view

はおろか Meaning： Let alone; not only ~ ( but also~); not to mention; to say nothing of; never mind; much less Examples； インターネットはおらか、パソコンも触ったことがないのだが、講習会についていけるだろうか。 Never having touched a computer, let alone used the Internet, I wonder if I will be able to keep up in the workshop. 最近は大学生はおろか、中学生でもかなりの者が海外旅行を経験している。 Never mind college students, these days even junior and senior high school students often have experienced traveling abroad. アメリカは、隣町まで100マイル、途中ガソリンスタンドはおろか、民家さえないという

とばかりに Meaning： as if ; as if to say that; as if ~ were convinced that; as if ~ believed that; as if ~ decided that Examples； 悟は「黙ってついてこい」とばかりに先に立って歩き出した。 Satoru started off (lit., began to walk ahead) as if to say: "don't anything and follow me." 課長は余計な質問はするなとばかりに私をにらみつけた。 My section chief glared at me as if to tell me not to ask any unnecessary questions. 霧が晴れたので、私は今がチャンスとばかりに写真を撮りまくった。 The fog had cleared, so I took pictures furiously, as if it were my only chance. I put al

（つ）たって「２」 Meaning： even if (s.o. says that); even if s.o. tries to; although Examples； 一人ででしょう（っ）たって、それは無理だ。 You'll never be able to do it alone! (lit., Even if you try to do it alone that's impossible. 今すぐ買いに行く（っ）たって、もう店は皆閉まっている。 Even if you wanted to go buy it right now, the stores are all already closed. 高い（っ）たって、１００万円はしないだろう。 Even though it's said to be expensive, my guess is it won't cost more than one million yen. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flash

つい Meaning： unintentionally; without being able to control oneself; without meaning to; carelessly; involuntarily; in spite of oneself; just; only Examples； 楽しかったのでつい飲みすぎてしまった。 Because I had such a good time, I ended up drinking too much ( without meaning to) ついさっきまで山口さんが来ていたんです。 Mr. Yamaguchi was here until just a little while ago. 人のお金を使うのは悪いとは知りながら、つい使ってしまった。 I know it's a bad thing to use someone else's money but I just couldn't control myself. (and used it) I put all the

はあれ Meaning： even though there is; although there is; there is ~ but Examples； インターフェースに若干の違いはあれ、この二つのプログラムは機能的に全く変わらない。 Although their interfaces are slightly different, these two programs are just the same in terms of their functions. 歴史の違いはあれ、米国には120万を超す非営利団体（NPO)が存在します。 Although their histories are different (lit.,there are differences in their histories), there are more than 1,200,000 non-profit organizations in america. ほとんどの者が、程度の差はあれ、マスメディアの影響を受けていると言える。 One can say t

割に（は） Meaning： for; despite; although; (not) as much as; (not) ~ because of that; considering Example； この店のサービスランチは値段の割に（は）美味しくてボリュームがある。 The bargain lunch at this restaurant is tasty and the portions are generous for the price. ビルはよく勉強している割に（は）成績が伸びない。 For all his hard work, Bills grades don't seem to improve. / Although Bill studies hard, his grades do not improve. このチームは強い割に（は）人気がない。 This team is not popular despite its strength. I put all the examples along with the meani

やいなや「や否や」 Meaning： As soon as; no sooner ~ than; the moment; soon after; immediately after Examples： その小説は発売されるやいなやミリオンセラーになった。 The novel sold one million copies as soon as it went on sale. 彼女は車から降りるや否や報道陣やフアンに取り囲まれた。 She was surrounded by reporters and fans as soon as she got out of the car. スタジオに着くや否やリハーサルが始まった。 The rehearsal began as soon as I arrived at the studio. I put all the examples along with the meaning into flashcards to study just in case you forget. (I suggest d